IJCA Vol 4 i1 2025 webmag - Flipbook - Page 22
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The International Journal of Conformity Assessment
material properties such as glass,
elastomers, thermoplastics, and
thermoset plastics are defined but
not listed here.
Additional properties like
complexity of integration, module
assignment, and delivery condition
are mentioned in each component
class for informational purposes.
"Complexity of integration" is
based on BMW Group Standard
97025 (BMW Group, 2022a),
which segments components into
different zones based on visibility
and accessibility.
• Evaluation Zone A: Components
in the immediate line of sight
and easily accessible.
• Evaluation Zone B: Components
not directly visible, with limited
access or in blind spots.
• Evaluation Zone C: Components
that, after assembly, are neither
visible nor accessible.
Optoelectronic Systems for
Component Selection:
In Section 4.1, components were
distinguished based on material
and application concept. For
optoelectronic systems, both
distinctions are crucial. Materials
vary in reflectivity, affecting the
detectability of identification
labels. Surface texture and
color also influence the contrast
between the label and background
(Jeevagan et al., 2014; Liang et al.,
2019; Patil et al., 2015).
Application concepts like
engraving, printing, embossing, or
molding impact the detectability
of component IDs (homologation
labels) (Liang et al., 2019; Patil et
al., 2015).
The component selection results
for optoelectronic system
investigations are as follows:
• Component Class 1: Metal
Label: Engine control unit
Module assignment was performed
Molding Casting: Master brake
according to BMW Group’s
cylinder
specific requirements. Additionally,
Engraving: Particle filter
three delivery conditions are
distinguished:
• Component Class 2:
Thermoplastics / Thermosets
• Just-in-Sequence (JIS)
Embossing Black: Interior
• Just-in-Time (JIT)
mirror
• Stock (LB) (BMW Group, 2022b).
Transparent Embossing: Side
These delivery conditions are listed
flashing light
as an additional evaluation category
Label: Passenger airbag label
in the component classification
Engraving: Safety belt
table for informational purposes.
• Component Class 3: Elastomer
The defined component classes for
Color Printing: Brake hose
subsequent PoCs are presented in
Molded Casting: Tires
Section 4.2.
4.2 Defining Representative
Components for Each Component
Classification
For each component class, a
representative component has
been defined for application
in subsequent PoCs (refer to
Section 5).
• Component Class 4: Glass
Color Print: Side pane
Transmitter-Receiver Systems for
Component Selection:
In the case of transmitter-receiver
systems, material selection
significantly impacts detectability,
whereas the application concept
does not. Because RFID Tags
are externally attached to
components, application concepts
that are important for the internal
identification of components,
such as color printing, molding,
engraving or embossing, typically
do not affect the functionality of
the RFID Tags, as electromagnetic
waves can pass through most
materials. The detectability of
the RFID tag remains unaffected
as long as the surrounding
material does not block or heavily
attenuate the transmission of
electromagnetic waves (Curran et
al., 2013).
The component selection
results for transmitter-receiver
investigations are as follows:
• Component Class 1: Metal
Particle filter
• Component Class 2:
Thermoplastics / Thermosets
Safety belt
• Component Class 3: Elastomer
Tires
• Component Class 4: Glass
Side pane
For each component class, one
representative component was
selected for the subsequent PoCs
(see Section 5).
5 Proof of Concepts for
Detection Technologies
In section 5.1, the framework
conditions for the PoCs are
defined. Based on these
framework conditions, the PoCs
for the optoelectronic systems and
transmitter-receiver systems are
carried out. The results of the PoCs
are presented in section 5.2.
5.1 Derived Structure of the Proof
of Concept (PoC)
The objective is to evaluate
detection technologies through a
practical experiment in the form
